Historical milestones of the invention and use of placebo

The review is based on the originals of nearly all major sources history placebo and effect for 1945–2020. Data etymology semantics term “placebo”, its introduction into Catholic service and, then, everyday English are given. considered as one mechanisms ensuring “success” ancient, medieval, old, non-traditional (alternative) esoteric medicine. It indicated that origins experimental exorcism techniques dated from 16th century. Uniform understanding priorities in invention use both therapeutic has not been established. In first case, A. Sutherland (1763) Duncan (1770) Scotland, but W. Cullen (1772), now given most sources, should be named pioneers. second priority to Commission Franch Academy Sciences (with participation US Ambassador France B. Franklin), which investigated effects mesmerism (A. Mesmer) 1784, J. Haygarth's test magnetism therapy 1801, a comparison homeopathy allopathy St. Petersburg 1829–1830 moreover, rheumatism studied by Flint 1863. last date often erroneously manuals reviews. From beginning until middle 20th century, it was an active compound could theoretically have effect, since 1937 defined medical dictionaries only inactive, inert substance or effect. inclusion “placebo” general different languages presented (priority new dictionary G. Motherby written published 1785). increased interest half two decades (relevant reviews at least 15 countries known) might associated with controlled trials, also current popularity alternative even medicine methods penetration those, times, conventional